几种捕食性微小动物对铜绿微囊藻及孟氏浮游蓝丝藻生长的抑制作用

为了探索治理蓝藻水华的方法,利用大型湖泊模拟装置,研究了几种捕食性微小动物(僧帽触口虫、红眼轮虫、红斑飘体虫、多刺裸腹溞以及点滴虫等)对铜绿微囊藻及孟氏浮游蓝丝藻生长的抑制作用以及人造根对微小动物的作用.结果表明,僧帽触口虫有较强的生存能力,对孟氏浮游蓝丝藻的控制有明显作用;点滴虫对铜绿微囊藻有很强的捕食能力,可以有效控制其生长;点滴虫与僧帽触口虫的联合应用,对控制蓝藻水华有重要作用;人造根系有利于微小动物的生长,其对点滴虫的作用小于对僧帽触口虫的作用.     

UV-C辐照抑制铜绿微囊藻生长的动态实验研究

以我国典型淡水水华藻种铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa905)为研究对象,采用推流式低压紫外灯反应器研究在动态条件下Ultraviolet-C(UV-C)辐照对蓝藻生长抑制作用的效果.对数培养期的蓝藻液流经反应器进行UV-C辐照处理,其后正常培养,在培养期2 h、1 d、3 d、5 d、7 d、9 d分别取样,通过研究级倒置荧光显微镜在荧光视野下进行细胞计数.结果表明,辐照处理未引起铜绿微囊藻细胞的大量破裂死亡,36~115 mW.s.cm-2剂量范围的UV-C辐照能在9 d内有效抑制2.6×105~2.7×105cells.mL-1的铜绿微囊藻细胞密度增长,31~50 mW.s.cm-2剂量范围的UV-C辐照能在9d内有效抑制9.0×105~1.15×106cells.mL-1的铜绿微囊藻细胞密度增长.     

鲢鱼联合常规水处理工艺除藻特性

将鲢鱼引入到某水厂预沉池中用以去除藻类,并对该水厂从原水到滤后水中藻类种类和数量进行监测.结果表明,鲢鱼对水华微囊藻可进行有效滤食,但对单细胞绿藻滤食效果不佳,从而导致预沉池出水中水华微囊藻数量和比例大幅下降,使单细胞绿藻获得了更大的生长优势.预加氯对叶绿素a氧化作用显著.混凝沉淀过程对杆状藻类去除明显,具有较长突起尖刺的藻类会阻碍混凝沉淀效果.少量个体较小和突起物带有尖刺的藻类能够深入滤池.当原水中微囊藻浓度较高时,鲢鱼联合常规水处理工艺能够对藻类实现较为彻底的去除.     

一株溶藻细菌溶藻活性物质的成份及溶藻机制

针对一株具有明显溶藻效果的蜡状芽孢杆菌L7,应用酶制剂对其胞外溶藻活性物质的成份进行初步判定,并利用光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜,观察水华鱼腥藻细胞形态、结构的变化,在微观层面初步探讨菌株L7溶藻活性物质的溶藻机制。菌株L7的主要溶藻活性物质不是蛋白质、核酸或者脱氧核糖核酸。该溶藻活性物质能破坏水华鱼腥藻细胞的细胞壁,使其细胞质空化,细胞基质外泄,类囊体等结构消失,核物质四散,最终,细胞收缩变形,直至消亡。     

Phylogenetic diversity and specificity of bacteria associated with Microcystis aeruginosa and other cyanobacteria

Interactions between bacteria and cyanobacteria have been suggested to have a potential to influence harmful algal bloom dynamics; however, little information on these interactions has been reported. In this study, the bacterial communities associated with five strains of Microcystis aeruginosa, three species of other Microcystis spp., and four representative species of non-Microcystis cyanobacteria were compared. Bacterial 16S rDNA fragments were amplified and separated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) followed by DNA sequence analysis. The similarities among bacterial communities associated with these cyanobacteria were compared to the digitized DGGE profiles using the cluster analyses. The bacterial community structure of all cyanobacterial cultures di ered. Cluster analysis showed that the similarity values among M. aeruginosa cultures were higher than those of other cyanobacterial cultures. Sequence analysis of DGGE fragments indicated the presence of bacteria including, Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria in the cyanobacterial cultures. Members of the Sphingomonadales were the prevalent group among the Microcystis-associated bacteria. The results provided further evidence for species-specific associations between cyanoabcteria and heterotrophic bacteria, which are useful for understanding interactions between Microcystis and their associated bacteria.     

黏土絮凝沉降铜绿微囊藻的动力学及其作用机理

研究了26种天然黏土矿物凝聚沉降铜绿微囊藻的动力学过程在投加量为0.7 g·L^-1时按平衡除藻率和除藻速率将26种黏土分成3类.第1类矿物(滑石、三氧化二铁、海泡石、四氧化三铁、高岭土等)的8 h平衡除藻率大于90%,去除50%藻细胞所需时间t₅₀＜30 min,去除80%藻细胞所需时间t₈₀＜2.5 h第2类黏土(轻质页岩、陶土、凹凸棒、累托土、伊利土等7种)的8 h平衡除藻率为50%～80%,t₅₀＜2.5 h,t80＞5 h.第3类黏土(铁矾土,云母,沸石、浮石、硅藻土、高钾长石和石英等14种)的8 h平衡除藻率低于50%,t₅₀>>8 h.当投加量逐步降低到0.2～0.1 g·L^-1时,25种黏土矿物的8 h平衡除藻率均降到60%以下,只有第1类黏土中的海泡石仍接近90%.与黏土相比,在0.02～0.2 g·L^-1投加量下单独使用聚合氯化铝(PAC)时的8 h平衡除藻率均低于40%.进一步对海泡石进行电性改性后发现,虽然黏土颗粒表面电位的提高(pH 7.4时,Zeta电位由-24.0 mV提高到+0.43 mV)可以显著加快海泡石的除藻速率,但其平衡除藻率并没有显著提高.在分析了本研究中的凝聚机理后提出:架桥网捕作用可能在黏土-藻凝聚过程中发挥了十分关键的作用,增强黏土对藻细胞的架桥网捕作用可能是今后进一步提高除藻效率、大幅度降低投加量的一个重要方向.     

星肋小环藻、滇池铜绿微囊藻的春化作用

为认知星肋小环藻（硅藻）春季活动、滇池铜绿微囊藻（蓝藻）春夏大规模暴发的活动规律,通过确定生长温区后进行变温实验,分析低温对2种实验藻的生长影响,其结果为：小环藻的生长温度为9.5～15.0℃,微囊藻生长温度为15.0～31.0℃,生长高温将抑制2种藻的生长;15.5℃以上、9.0℃以下时小环藻停止生长,31.0℃以上、15.0℃以下时微囊藻停止生长;在15.5～17.5℃停止生长后用7.0～9.0℃处理一天后放回生长温度培养,小环藻恢复生长,在31.0～33.0℃停止生长后用7.0～14.0℃处理一天后放回生长温度培养,微囊藻恢复生长,表明特定低温可使处于高温休眠的藻恢复生长,即低温具有解除高温休眠的作用;诱导低温7.5～9.5℃、10.0～14.0℃时,星肋小环藻、铜绿微囊藻的生长与低温诱导强度反相关,与诱导时间正相关;低温可解除高温休眠作用诱导藻生长,同样,高温也可解除藻的低温诱导作用。分析认为：星肋小环藻、铜绿微囊藻的低温诱导作用与植物春化作用一致,因此实验藻具有春化作用,其年活动规律为：经冬季低温诱导,处于休眠的实验藻春季恢复生长,夏季生长高温抑制铜绿微囊藻生长,秋季无诱导低温过程,铜绿微囊藻华可发生但不如春夏。     

Cadmium and lead toxicity and bioaccumulation in Microcystis aeruginosa

The growth of human population leads to intensification of agriculture and promotes, through eutrophication, development of cyanobacteria. One of the most widespread and bloom-forming species in freshwater is toxic Microcystis aeruginosa （M. aeruginosa）. Combustion of fossil fuels and metallurgical processes are the main sources of heavy metals contamination in surface water including cadmium （Cd） and lead （Pb）. The following study was conducted in order to determine the effect of 1- 20 mg. L-1 of Cd and Pb on photochemistry （using flow cytometry） and growth （based on chlorophyll concentra- tion） ofM. aeruginosa as well as to estimate levels of metal bioaccumulation. We have found that 1-10mg.L-1 of Cd and 1-5 rag. L1 of Pb induced continuous enhancement of chlorophyll fluorescence during 24 h of incubation. No significant degradation of chlorophyll was observed in these samples. At higher concentrations of 20 mg. L-1 of Cd and 10-20 mg.L-1 of Pb chlorophyll level significantly decreased and its fluorescence was quenched. M. aeruginosa demonstrated high capability of Cd and Pb bioaccumulation, proportionally to initial metal concentration. In samples with initial concentration of 20 mg. L-1 of Cd and Pb bioaccumulation of 87.3% and 90.1% was observed, respectively. Our study demonstrates that M. aeruginosa can potentially survive in highly metals polluted environments, be a primary source of toxic metals in the food chain and consequently contribute to enhanced toxicity of heavy metals to living organisms including human.     

藻源性颗粒有机物对磷饥饿微囊藻磷富集与生长的影响

以藻源性颗粒有机物为切入点,分别以正磷酸盐（K₂HPO₄）、多聚磷酸盐（Na₅P₃O₁₀）、磷酸单酯（G-6-P）、磷酸二酯（卵磷脂）为参考,对比研究了不同形态的磷对磷饥饿微囊藻生长及对磷富集的影响.研究发现密度为（1.9±0.1）×10⁶cells/mL磷饥饿处理的微囊藻对不能直接利用的Na₅P₃O₁₀、卵磷脂的短期富集作用分别为2.034mg/L、1.030mg/L要明显高于K₂HPO₄的0.491mg/L、G-6-P的0.034mg/L和藻源性颗粒物的0.573mg/L,可能与这些磷素不能迅速进入细胞内,因而被大量的积聚在细胞膜与细胞壁之间有关.微囊藻通过释放碱性磷酸酶等酶系可以大量快速的利用藻源性颗粒物,藻源性颗粒物组中微囊藻生长率0.148d^-1稍低于K₂HPO₄组的0.156d^-1,但均高于其他实验组.实验结束时微囊藻对藻源性颗粒物的利用率57.8%高于K₂HPO₄组的32.5%和卵磷脂组的24.4%.通过液相核磁分析,藻源性颗粒物中磷的组分主要为正磷酸盐、磷酸单酯,并通过计算验证了其对磷饥饿铜绿微囊藻的磷富集与生长的影响.综上,藻源性颗粒物有着极强的生物可利用性,对蓝藻的爆发和持续性有着重要影响.     

枯草芽孢杆菌对铜绿微囊藻抑制效果的研究

为探讨枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)的抑制效果,在实验室条件下,研究了枯草芽孢杆菌不同生长时期(延迟期、对数期、稳定期和衰亡期)无菌滤液对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响、枯草芽孢杆菌抑制铜绿微囊藻生长的作用方式以及无菌滤液影响下铜绿微囊藻丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和光合色素含量的变化.结果显示:枯草芽孢杆菌对数期、稳定期和衰亡期滤液抑藻效果明显好于延迟期,作用第8d,对铜绿微囊藻的去除率分别达到81.19%、91.41%、91.82%;4个处理组铜绿微囊藻的叶绿素a含量均显著低于对照组.添加稳定期滤液后,铜绿微囊藻MDA含量显著升高,SOD活性先升高后降低;在对光合色素的影响中,类胡萝卜素受到的影响不如叶绿素a显著.结果表明,枯草芽孢杆菌对铜绿微囊藻的抑制效果是通过分泌胞外物质实现的,且分泌物具有很强的热稳定性.推测该胞外分泌物能够破坏光合色素,影响光合作用,抑制藻细胞的生长;同时抑制SOD活性,使细胞膜脂过氧化程度不断加深,进而破坏藻细胞的完整性,表现出对藻很强的抑制效果.